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  4.3 Deep Tunnel Sewerage System
The overall concept is to construct cross-island deep tunnels to intercept the flows in existing gravity sewers, upstream of the pumping stations,and channel the flows by gravity to two new centralised sewage treatment works to be strategically located at the south-eastern and south- western coastal areas All the treated effluent will be discharged through deep sea outfall pipelines into the Straits of Singapore
With the deep tunnel system, the sewer reticulation system in Singapore will,in future,consist of only gravity sewers linked to deep tunnels. All the existing sewage pumping stations will be phased out eventually. The six existing treatment works will also be phased out in the long term when all the flows are diverted in stages to the two new coastal treatment works. The two new plants will be extended in phases to replace the treatment facilities at the existing works
The deep tunnel system (Fig. 7) will comprise the following four components
*Two cross-island large deep tunnel sewers, 5 m to 6 m internal diameter (Table 3);
*Two centralised sewage treatment works which will eventually replace the existing treatment works
* Deep sea effluent pipelines into the Straits of Singapore; and
* Link sewer network.
* Phase 1, comprising the construction of the north and eastern tunnels, is now being tendered (Fig. 8). Completion of the tunnels is scheduled for 2005 and the initial Changi East Treatment Plant in 2007. Phase 2, the South Tunnel and additional link sewers and initial Jurong Island Treatment Plant are programmed for completion in 2015.
4.4 Rapid Transit
A comprehensive network of rapid transit lines of varying capacity is to be implemented over the next fifteen years approximately. On completion, a network of approximately 400 route kilometres will serve all the developed parts of the island (Fig. 9).
The Marina areas are mainly reclaimed land adjacent to the Central Business District and commercial areas of the city. Development of a new downtown core area will be implemented early in the next century and the Marina Line(Fig. 7) is required as part of the infrastructure to serve this important business hub. The line will initially be some 15 km in length with 22 stations. Tunnels will be 5.4 m inside diameter. The electrical and mechanical works are being tendered at present, and civil works tenders will be invited in 2000. Much of the construction will be in soft clays and reclaimed land which may still be consolidating. Design and construction will therefore pose some difficult technical problems.
The future lines will be a mixture of heavy medium and light capacity, at grade, elevated or underground, depending on the density of the adjacent development
4.5 Underground Caverns
4.5.1 Science City Centre
Detailed site investigation and design of an underground cavern complex under the Kent Ridge Park is currently being carried out by the Nanyang Technological University and the Public Works Department. The cavern complex will house science park buildings of five or six storeys, comprising the Underground Science City. They will be used as offices, laboratories and workshops. This will also link the two existing science parks (Science Park I and Science Park II) which currently are separated by the Kent Ridge Park The development of the USC will provide additional space needed for Research and Design (R&D) oriented activities without disturbing the natural environment.
The subsurface conditions at Kent Ridge vary from sandstone, conglomerate and limestone, and are generally fractured, folded and faulted. The weathering can be up to 70 m deep. The Underground Space and Rock Mechanics research group at the Nanyang Technological University has R&D programmes to tackle both design and technical problems involved in constructing large span caverns in a generally weak and fractured rock mass.
4.1.5 Explosives storage
A series of caverns for the storage of explosives is to be implemented in the Bukit Timah granite.
5.0 Conclusion
These massive infrastructure projects are all proceeding on schedule. Thanks to Singapore's prudent fiscal policies, financial problems are not affecting implementation. The downturn in construction work in the Asia Pacific area has in some ways ensured the success of these projects since a large pool of contractors are interested in competing for these attractive works. As a consequence, for the next five to ten years, Singapore is likely to be the busiest single centre of tunnelling activity in the world.
6.0 References
Balasubramaniam, k.1987.Construction of effluent outfall Pipeline in tunnels using Earth Pressure Balance Shield. Fifth International Geotechnical Seminar CaseHistories in Soft Clay, 17-40. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
Hulme, T. and Burchell, A.J. 1992. Bored tunnelling for Singapore Metro.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol 18(2), 363-384.
MottHay&Anderson-Christiani &Nielsen. 1989.An underground cable tunnel between the island of Pulau Serayaand Singapore. L'Industria Italiana del Cement<)633 (May) 332-339.
Zhao J.; Lee, K. W.; and Choa, V. 1995. "Construction and Utilisation of Rock Caverns in the Bukit Timah Granite of Singapore." Singapore: Nanyang Technological University