above起－－继续牛津高效词典
above 1
1/ at or to a higher point; overhead在较高处；到较高处；在头顶上方：My bedroom is immediately above.我的卧室就在上面。 Put the biscuits on the shelf above.把饼干放到上面的架子上。 Seen from above, the fields looked like a geometrical pattern.从高处往下看，那些农田像是几何图案。 A voice called down to us from above.从上面传来叫我们的声音。
2/ earlier or further back (in a book, an article, etc) (书、文章等的)前文，上文：in the above paragraph在上一段。 As was stated above…如上所述… See above, page 97见前文，第97页。
3/ (rhet修辞) in or to heaven在天上、到天上：the power above上天神明。 blessing from above上天的祝福。 gone above上天堂了。
above-mentioned, above-named : mentioned or named earlier (in this book, article, etc)（在本书中、在本文中等）上述的。
above 2
1.(a) higher than sth 高于；在…之上：The sun rose above the horizon.太阳已经升到地平线之上。 The water came above our knees.水没过了我们的膝部。 We were flying above the clouds.我们在云层上面飞行。（b）higher in rank, position, importance, etc than (sb/sth)级别、地位、重要性高于…：A captain in the Navy ranks above a captain in the Army.海军的captain（上校）军阶高于陆军的captain（上尉）。 She married above her, ie married sb from a higher social class than herself.她嫁给了社会地位比她高的人。
2. greater in number, price, weight, etc than (sth)数目、价钱、重量等超过…：The temperature has been above the average recently.近来的气温一直比平均温度高。 There’s nothing in this shop above/over a dollar.这个店里没有一样东西价钱超过一元。 It weighs above/over ten tons.这东西的重量超过十吨。 Applicants must be above/over the age of 18.申请人年龄必须超过18岁。
3. (fml文) more than (sb/sth) 超过；胜过：Should a soldier value honour above life?军人应视荣誉重于生命吗？
4. beyond the reach of (sth) because too good, great, etc（因优良、出色等）超出…的范围：He is above suspicion, ie is not suspected because he is completely trusted.他无可怀疑（因为他是完全可以信赖的人，所以不受怀疑）。 Her behaviour was above/beyond reproach.她的行为是无可指责的。
5. too good, etc for (sth)（因好、优越等）不做，不为，不屑：She wouldn’t lie – she’s above that.她不至于说谎－她不屑做那种事。 She is above deceit, ie is not deceitful.她不会骗人的。 Although she’s the manager, she’s not above asking (ie she isn’t too proud to ask) for advice from her staff.她虽身为经理，却并不耻于向下属请教。
6. upstream from (a place)在（一处）的上游：the waterfall above the bridge在桥上游的瀑布。
7.（idm习语）above all : most important of all; especially最重要的；尤其：He longs above all (else) to see his family again.他尤其渴望再见到家里的人。
above oneself : too pleased with oneself; conceited; arrogant兴高采烈；得意忘形；自高自大；趾高气扬
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NOTE ON USAGE用法：1、When they indicate a position higher than something, above and over can often be used in the same way ――above和over表示“在比某物高的位置”时，用法往往相同：They built a new room above/over the garage.他们在车房上面加盖了一个房间。2、When there is movement across something, only over can be used在表示一动作越过某物时，只能用over：She threw the ball over the fence.她把球扔过了篱笆。 jump over the stream跳过小溪。3、Over can also mean “covering” － over还可以表示“盖着”的意思：Pull the sheet over the body.拉起被单盖住身体。 Throw the water over the flames.把水泼在火焰上。4、Over and above can mean “more than” in the number, measurement, etc. － over和above可以表示在数目或量度上等等“多于”的意思。Above is generally used in relation to a minimum or standard － above一般用于表示与“最低限度”或“标准”有关的事物：2000 ft above sea-level海拔2000英尺。 above average intelligence/height一般智力/高度以上。 two degrees above zero零上二度。 He’s over fifty.他已年过半百。 She’s been here over two hours.她在这里已超过两小时了。
abracadabra
meaningless word said as a supposedly magic formula esp by conjurors while performing magic tricks咒语（尤指魔术师表演魔术时所说的）：”Abracadabra,” said the conjuror as he pulled the rabbit from the hat.魔术师口中念念有词，把兔子从礼帽中掏了出来。
abrade
wear away (skin, fabric, rock, etc) by rubbing; scrape off磨损（表皮、织物、岩石等）；刮除。
abrasion
1/ scraping or wearing away; rubbing off刮除；磨损；擦掉。
2/ damaged area, esp of the skin, caused by rubbing, etc擦伤处（尤指皮肤因摩擦等造成者）。
abrasive
1/ that scrapes or rubs sth away; rough 有研磨作用的；粗糙的：abrasive substances, surfaces, materials研磨剂、研磨面、研磨材料。
2/ (fig比喻) tending to hurt other people’s feelings; harsh and offensive伤人感情的；粗鲁的；粗暴的：an abrasive person, personality, tone of voice粗鲁的人、粗暴的个性、粗俗的语气。
abrasive
substance used for grinding or polishing surfaces（用以研磨或抛光表面的）磨料。
abreast
1. abreast (of sb/sth)
side by side (with sb/sth) and facing the same way并列；并排：cycling two abreast两辆自行车并行。
The boat came abreast of us and signaled us to stop.小船开过来与我们并排，并发出讯号要我们停下。
2. (idm习语) be/keep abreast of sth
be or remain up to date with or well-informed about sth跟上某事物：You should read the newspapers to keep abreast of current affairs.应该看报以便了解时事。
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abridge
make (a book, etc) shorter, esp by using fewer words; condense删节，节略（书等）：an abridged edition/version of “War and Peace”《战争与和平》的节略版（节本）。
abridgement (also abridgment)
1. shortening of a book, etc（书等的）删节，节略。
2. book, etc that has been abridged节本；摘要。
abroad
1.in or to a foreign country or countries; away from one’s own country在国外；到国外；出国：be, go, live, travel abroad在外国，出国，旅游外国，到外国。 visitors (who have come) from abroad, ie from another country外国来的游客。
2.being circulated widely广泛流传：There’s a rumour abroad that…, ie People are saying that…谣言盛传，说是……
3. （arch or rhet 古或修辞）out of doors户外；室外：Have you ventured abroad yet today?你今天敢出门了吗？
abrogate
(fml文) cancel, repeal or annul (sth) 废止；废除；取消；宣告无效：abrogate a law, custom, treaty废除一法例、习俗、条约。abrogation
abrupt
1 sudden and unexpected突然的；意外的：a road with many abrupt turns一条有很多急转弯的路。 an abrupt ending, change, departure突如其来的终止、骤然的变化、突然的离去。
2 （a）(of speech, etc) not smooth; disconnected; disjointed（指言语等）不流畅的，不连贯的，支离的：short abrupt sentences 短小而不连贯的句子。 an abrupt style of writing不流畅的文体。（b）(of behavior) rough; curt（指行为）粗鲁的，唐突的：He has an abrupt manner, ie makes no attempt to be polite.他举止粗鲁。
3 (of a slope) very steep（指斜坡）陡峭的。abruptly abruptness
abscess
swollen part of the body in which a thick yellowish liquid (called pus) has collected脓肿：abscess on the gums齿龈脓肿。
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abscond
1 abscond (from…)
go away suddenly and secretly, esp in order to avoid arrest潜逃；逃亡：He absconded from the country.他已潜逃出境。
2 abscond with sth
go away taking sth to which one has no right携赃潜逃：He absconded with $8000 stolen from his employer.他偷了雇主8000块，携赃潜逃了。
abseil
(in mountaineering) descend a steep slope or vertical rock face by using a double rope that is fixed at a higher point（在登山运动中，使用固定于高处的双折绳沿悬崖峭壁）缘绳下降：abseil down the mountain从山坡上缘绳下降。
absence
1 absence (from…)
(a) being away缺席，离开；不在某处：His repeated absence (from school) is worrying.他一再缺课使人担忧。 It happened during/in your absence.那是当你不在的时候发生的。 In the absence of the manager (ie While he is away) I shall be in charge.经理不在的时候，由我负责。 during his absence in America, ie while he was there当他不在此地而在美国的期间。
(b) occasion or time of being away不在某处的次数或时间：numerous absences from school无数次的缺课。 throughout his long absence在他长期不在某处的期间。 after an absence of three months在离开三个月之后。
2 lack; non-existence缺乏；不存在：the absence of definite proof缺乏确凿的证据。
3 (idm习语) absence of mind
failure to think about what one is doing; absent-mindedness心不在焉；神不守舍。
absent 1
1 absent (from sth)
(a) not present (at sth); at another place (than…)不在场的；在别处的：be absent from school, a meeting, work不上学、不到会、缺勤。 absent friends不在场的朋友们。
(b) not existing, lacking不存在的；缺少的；无：Love was totally absent from his childhood.他童年时代没受到丝毫的疼爱。
2 showing that one is not really thinking about what is being said or done around one茫然的；恍惚的：an absent expression, look, etc茫然的表情、样子等。
absent-minded
with one’s mind on other things; forgetful心不在焉的，健忘的：become absent-minded with age因上了年纪而变得丢三落四。absent-mindedly absent-mindedness
absent 2
absent oneself (from sth)
(fml文) not be present (at sth); stay away (from sth)不在；不参与：He deliberately absented himself from the meeting.他故意不到会。
absentee
person who is absent不在者；缺席者；缺勤者。
absenteeism
frequent absence from school or work, esp without good reason（经常性的）旷课，旷工，旷职（尤指无正当理由者）。
absentee ballot
voting in advance by people (absentee voters) who will be away on the day of an election缺席选举人票（选举人将于选举日缺席而提前投的选票）。
absentee landlord
person who does not live at and rarely visits the property he lets（不居于产权所在地也很少到该地的）遥领地主、房主或业主。
absinthe (also absinth)
bitter green alcoholic drink made with wormwood and other herbs苦艾酒（一种苦味绿色的含酒精饮料，由苦艾及其他芳香植物调制而成）。
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absolute
1 (a) complete; total绝对的；完全的；全部的：have absolute trust in a person对一个人的绝对的信任。 tell the absolute truth绝对说实话。 absolute ignorance, silence全然无知、寂然无声。 You’re an absolute fool!你是个十足的傻瓜！ （b）certain; undoubted肯定的；无疑的：have absolute proof有确凿的证据。 It’s an absolute fact.这是千真万确的事实。
2 unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified无限制的；不受约束的；无条件的：absolute power绝对的权利。
3 having unlimited power; despotic有无限权利的；专制的：an absolute ruler专制统治者。
4 not relative; independent非相对的；独立的：There is no absolute standard for beauty.美是没有绝对的标准的。
the absolute
that which is regarded as existing independently of anything else绝对（不依赖任何其他条件而存在）
absolute majority
majority over all rivals combined; more than half绝对多数；超过半数。
absolute zero
lowest temperature that is theoretically possible绝对零度（理论上的最低温度）。
absolutely
1 completely绝对地；完全地：It’s absolutely impossible.这是绝对不可能的。 You’re absolutely right.你完全正确。
2 unreservedly; unconditionally无保留地；无条件地：I absolutely refuse.我全然拒绝。 He believes absolutely that…他完全相信…
3 not relatively; in an absolute(4) sense非相对地；独立地：The term is being used absolutely.这个词语是独立使用的。
4 （used to give emphasis用以加强语气）positively确实地；全然地：It’s absolutely pouring down.大雨真是倾盆而下。 He did absolutely no work, ie no work at all.他简直什么都没干。
5 (infml口) (used in answer to a question or as a comment用于回答问题或用作评语)yes; certainly; quite so正是；当然；对极了：”Don’t you agree?” ”Oh, absolutely!”“你同意吧？”“噢，当然！”
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absolution
(esp in the Christian Church) formal declaration by a priest that a person’s sins have been forgiven（尤指基督教中，由教士对某人）宣布赦罪，解罪：grant sb absolution赦免某人的罪。 pronounce absolution宣读赦罪文。
absolutism
(politics政) (a) principle that those responsible for government should have unlimited power专制主义。(b) government with unlimited power专制统治。 absolutist
absolve
absolve sb (from/of sth)
1 (fml esp law 文，尤用于法律) clear sb (of guilt); declare sb free (from blame, a promise, a duty, etc)开脱某人（的罪责）；宣布免除某人（所受的责难、要履行的诺言、要负的责任等）：
The court absolved the accused man (from all responsibility for her death). 法官判决被告无罪（对她的死亡不必负任何责任）。
2 give absolution to sb 赦免某人的罪责：absolve repentant sinners赦免悔改的罪人。
absorb
1 (a) take sth in; suck up吸收某事物；吸进：absorb heat吸热。 Plants absorb oxygen.植物吸收氧气。 Dry sand absorbs water.干沙吸水。 Aspirin is quickly absorbed by/into the body.阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。 (fig比喻) Clever children absorb knowledge easily.聪明孩子容易吸收知识。（b）include (sth/sb) as part of itself or oneself; incorporate; merge with将某物/某人合并；并吞；同化：The large firm absorbed the smaller one.那大公司吞并了那小公司。 The surrounding villages have been absorbed by/into the growing city.周围的村庄已经并入了那不断扩展的城市。
2 reduce the effect of (an impact, a difficulty, etc)减轻（冲击、困难等的）作用或影响：Buffers absorbed most of the shock.缓冲器使震动减少了许多。
3 hold the attention or interest of (sb) fully完全吸引某人的注意力或兴趣：His business absorbed him.他专心致志的处理业务。
absorbed
with one’s attention fully held精神集中的：absorbed in her book埋头读她的书
absorbent
(substance) that is able to take in moisture, etc能吸收水分等的（物质）：absorbent cotton wool脱脂棉。
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absorbing
holding the attention fully十分吸引人的：an absorbing film引人入胜的影片
absorption
absorption (by/in sth) : absorbing or being absorbed吸收；专心致志；全神贯注：His work suffered because of his total absorption in sport.他热衷于运动而影响了工作。
abstain
abstain (from sth) 1 keep oneself from doing or enjoying sth, esp from taking alcoholic drinks; refrain戒（尤指酒）；戒除。 2 decline to use one’s vote弃权（不投票）：At the last election he abstained (from voting/the vote).上次选举时他弃权了（没投票）。
abstainer
person who abstains 戒酒者；（投票）弃权者：a total abstainer, ie one who never takes alcoholic drinks绝对戒酒的人。
abstemious
not taking much food or drink; not self-indulgent; moderate饮食有度的；有节制的；适度的：an abstemious person, meal饮食有度的人、节俭的一餐。 abstemious habits节制饮食的习惯
abstemiously abstemiousness
abstention
(a) abstention (from sth) : abstaining, esp not using one’s vote at an election弃权（尤指不投选票）。
(b) instance of this弃权票：five votes in favour of the proposal, three against and two abstentions五票赞成该项提议，三票反对，两票弃权。
